Impedance tuners enable engineers to vary the source impedance presented to a device-under-test such as a low-noise amplifier (LNA), which is designed to amplify a signal while simultaneously introducing the lowest amount of noise possible. Due to its role, engineers must measure and quantify LNA behavior to determine optimal operating conditions that minimize noise. Since noise behavior changes as the source impedance changes, impedance tuners are key components used during LNA testing.
Accurate noise characterization is even more critical for cryogenic LNAs, which are used in highly sensitive applications (e.g., radio astronomy and quantum computing) where even the smallest amount of noise can mask target signals and corrupt data. As a result, LNAs operate at extremely low cryogenic temperatures to reduce thermal noise contributions.
In a noise parameters measurement setup, the LNA-under-test as well as the impedance tuner are typically placed inside the environment that drops down to cryogenic temperatures, whether it’s a cryostat or cryogenic probe station. This blog reviews important impedance tuner optimizations for use in cryogenic environments to maintain stable, accurate, and reliable functionality.
Impedance Tuners Optimized for Cryogenic Environments
There are many different types of impedance tuners, but which do you use in cryogenic environments? First, it’s important to note the key aspects of systems that operate in such extreme conditions:
- Cooling capacity: Maintaining the desired temperature is of the upmost importance for cryogenic systems; therefore, they must meet the required cooling capacity, which refers to the ability to remove heat within a certain timeframe to keep the temperature stable.
- Size: Cryogenic systems often have limited space. A compact, confined system improves the efficiency of heat dissipation, accommodates necessary cooling equipment, and meets high-density integration requirements.
With that in mind, below is a breakdown of two types of tuners – electro-mechanical and solid-state – along with a few of their main characteristics.
| CHARACTERISTIC | ELECTRO-MECHANICAL IMPEDNACE TUNER | SOLID-STATE IMPEDANCE TUNER |
| Operation | Uses mechanical motion to change impedance states | Uses electronic switching to change impedance states |
| Power Consumption | Higher power consumption (mechanical movement, friction) | Lower power consumption (electronic operation) |
| Heat Generation | Generates excess heat (via friction and driving mechanical movement) | Minimal heat generation (no moving parts) |
| Size | Larger form factor (accommodate internal mechanical components) | Smaller form factor (no internal mechanical components) |
Electro-mechanical Impedance Tuners
Automated electro-mechanical tuners use internal components, such as motors, that physically move to adjust impedance states. Several adverse characteristics related to use at cryogenic temperatures include:
- Higher power consumption: A portion of energy will inevitably be lost as heat to physically move the tuning elements. In addition to driving the process of mechanical motion, the friction between moving components also contributes to heat loss. More losses require a higher consumption of energy to function properly.
- Increased heat generation: Power-hungry components increase the amount of generated heat. Excess heat can stress cryogenic systems beyond cooling capacity requirements, which raises temperatures, affects LNA noise behavior, and decreases measurement accuracy.
- Larger size: Motors and other components that move to vary impedance require ample space, limiting the tuner's smallest achievable size. This complicates integration into space-constrained cryogenic systems and decreases thermal efficiency.
Solid-state Impedance Tuners
Instead of relying on physical movement, solid-state impedance tuners change impedance electronically. These tuners are ideal for use in cryogenic environments due to the following characteristics:
- Lower power consumption: With no moving parts, automated solid-state tuners do not experience losses due to friction or driving mechanical systems, resulting in lower power consumption.
- Minimal heat generation: Consuming less power minimizes heat generation. Solid state impedance tuners, therefore, enable cryogenic systems to meet cooling capacity requirements.
- Compact size: Solid-state impedance tuners can reach smaller form factors since they do not have internal mechanical components. Using a tuner with a compact size increases integration flexibility as well as cooling efficiency.
CT-series: Precision Cryogenic Impedance Tuning
The Maury Microwave CT-series features solid-state tuner technology purpose-designed for cryogenic impedance tuning. The CT-series uses electronic components rated for use at cryogenic temperatures below 4 K to present electronically varied impedance states to a DUT. With low power consumption (less than 0.2mW) and a compact form factor (under 80 grams, 60 mm x 40mm), the CT-series is the ideal solution to vary impedance during cryogenic LNA testing.
Additional features include an integrated temperature sensor for precise internal temperature monitoring, as well as an integrated bias tee for the optional biasing of the DUT source and external biasing to bias the load.
Solutions like the CT-series empower high-sensitivity applications with precise noise characterization of cryogenic LNAs, ensuring peak performance under the most challenging conditions.